What is the standard of proof needed for a Coast Guard boarding officer to initiate a boarding?

The standard of proof needed for a Coast Guard boarding officer to initiate a boarding is reasonable suspicion. This level of suspicion is relatively low compared to other standards, such as beyond reasonable doubt or clear and convincing evidence. In the context of a boarding, reasonable suspicion means that the officer has a particularized and objective basis for suspecting that a vessel may be involved in illegal activity, such as smuggling, fishing violations, or safety issues. This standard allows boarding officers to act swiftly based on observable facts, uncommon behavior, or intelligence received, ensuring the Coast Guard can effectively maintain safety and enforce maritime laws.

Utilizing reasonable suspicion aligns with the practical considerations of maritime law enforcement, where immediate action may be necessary to prevent illegal activities or ensure the safety of others at sea. This standard supports the mission of the Coast Guard to protect the nation's waters without requiring the higher thresholds of proof that would delay urgent enforcement actions.